Ke mefuta efe e atileng haholo ea ho bola ha radioactive?Re ka itšireletsa joang liphellong tse kotsi tsa mahlaseli a hlahisoang ke hona?
Ho itšetlehile ka mofuta oa likaroloana kapa maqhubu ao nucleus e a ntšang hore e tsitse, ho na le mefuta e sa tšoaneng ea ho bola ha mahlaseli a kotsi a lebisang mahlaseling a ionizing.Mefuta e tloaelehileng haholo ke likaroloana tsa alpha, likaroloana tsa beta, mahlaseli a gamma le li-neutron.
Alpha radiation
Alpha decay (Infographic: A. Vargas/IAEA).
Ka mahlaseli a alpha, li-nuclei tse bolileng li lokolla likaroloana tse boima, tse nang le matla a matle e le hore li tsitse haholoanyane.Likaroloana tsena ha li khone ho phunyelletsa letlalong la rōna ho baka kotsi ’me hangata li ka emisoa ka ho sebelisa esita le pampiri e le ’ngoe.
Leha ho le joalo, haeba lisebelisoa tsa alpha-emitting li kenngoa 'meleng ka ho phefumoloha, ho ja, kapa ho noa, li ka hlahisa lisele tse ka hare ka ho toba' me ka hona li ka senya bophelo bo botle.
Americium-241 ke mohlala oa athomo e bolang ka likaroloana tsa alpha, 'me e sebelisoa ho lisebelisoa tsa mosi lefatšeng ka bophara.
Mahlaseli a beta
Ho bola ha Beta (Infographic: A. Vargas/IAEA).
Ka mahlaseli a beta, li-nuclei li ntša likaroloana tse nyenyane (li-electrone) tse phunyeletsang ho feta likaroloana tsa alpha 'me li ka feta ka mohlala, lisentimitara tse 1-2 tsa metsi, ho itšetlehile ka matla a tsona.Ka kakaretso, letlapa la aluminium botenya ba limilimithara tse 'maloa le ka emisa mahlaseli a beta.
Tse ling tsa liathomo tse sa tsitsang tse hlahisang mahlaseli a beta li kenyelletsa hydrogen-3 (tritium) le carbon-14.Tritium e sebelisoa, har'a tse ling, maboneng a tšohanyetso ho etsa mohlala ho tšoaea ho tsoa lefifing.Lebaka ke hobane mahlaseli a beta a tsoang ho tritium a etsa hore thepa ea phosphor e khanye ha mahlaseli a kopana, ntle le motlakase.Carbon-14 e sebelisoa ho etsa mohlala, lintho tsa khale.
Mahlaseli a Gamma
Mahlaseli a Gamma (Infographic: A. Vargas/IAEA).
Mahlaseli a Gamma, a sebelisoang ka litsela tse sa tšoaneng, tse kang ho phekola kankere, ke mahlaseli a motlakase, a tšoanang le a X-ray.Mahlaseli a mang a gamma a feta 'meleng oa motho ntle le ho ntša kotsi, ha a mang a monngoa ke 'mele 'me a ka baka tšenyo.Matla a mahlaseli a gamma a ka fokotsoa ho ea ho maemo a behang kotsi e fokolang ka marako a teteaneng a konkreite kapa loto.Ke ka lebaka leo mabota a likamore tsa kalafo ea radiotherapy lipetlele tsa bakuli ba mofetše a teteaneng haholo.
Li-neutron
Nyutlelie fission ka hare ho nuclear reactor ke mohlala wa radioactive chain reaction e tshehetswang ke neutron (Graphic: A. Vargas/IAEA).
Li-neutron ke likaroloana tse kholo haholo tseo e leng e 'ngoe ea likarolo tsa mantlha tsa khubu.Ha li lefelloe 'me ka hona ha li hlahise ionization ka ho toba.Empa tšebelisano ea bona le liathomo tsa taba e ka hlahisa alpha-, beta-, gamma- kapa X-rays, ebe e fella ka ionization.Li-neutron li ntse li kenella 'me li ka emisoa feela ke bongata bo boholo ba konkreite, metsi kapa parafine.
Li-neutron li ka hlahisoa ka mekhoa e mengata, mohlala ka li-reactors tsa nyutlelie kapa liketsong tsa nyutlelie tse qalisoang ke likaroloana tsa matla a phahameng mabaleng a accelerator.Li-neutron li ka emela mohloli oa bohlokoa oa mahlaseli a ionizing ka tsela e sa tobang.
Nako ea poso: Nov-11-2022